推動(dòng)全面深化改革和形成全面開(kāi)放新格局

——《習近平談治國理政》第三卷學(xué)習思考

中央黨校（國家行政學(xué)院）教授 徐浩然

Comprehensively Further Reform and Form New Structure of All-Round Opening-Up

——Study and Reflection on the Third Volume of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China

Professor Xu Haoran Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C (National Academy of Governance)

中共十八大以來(lái)，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以前所未有的決心和力度推進(jìn)全面深化改革和提高對外開(kāi)放水平，習近平親自領(lǐng)導、親自部署、親自推動(dòng)全面深化改革工作和建設更高水平開(kāi)放型經(jīng)濟新體制，準確把握發(fā)展規律，科學(xué)總結歷史經(jīng)驗，提出一系列具有原創(chuàng )性、時(shí)代性、指導性的新理念新觀(guān)點(diǎn)新要求，構成了習近平新時(shí)代中國特色社會(huì )主義思想的重要組成部分。近期出版的《習近平談治國理政》第三卷第六、第七專(zhuān)題的主題就是“推動(dòng)全面深化改革實(shí)現新突破”和“形成全面開(kāi)放新格局”，深刻闡述了中國在全面深化改革和擴大開(kāi)放方面的重大舉措。

Since the 18th National Congress of Communist Party of China (CPC), the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, has comprehensively deepened reform and raised the level of opening-up with unprecedented determination and strength. Xi Jinping, in person, led, deployed, and promoted comprehensively deepening of reform and a new economic system with higher level of opening-up. With accurately grasping the laws of development, and scientifically summarizing historical experience, he proposed a series of original and guiding ideas, viewpoints and requirements with characteristics of times, which constitute important part of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The themes of the sixth and seventh topics of the recently published third volume of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China are "Further Reform" and "All-Round Opening-Up", which profoundly elaborated on China's significant measures for deepening reform and expanding opening-up in a comprehensive manner.

20世紀70、80年代，世界經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展，科技進(jìn)步日新月異，但當時(shí)的中國經(jīng)濟還很不發(fā)達，國家建設百業(yè)待興。1978年10月，鄧小平應邀訪(fǎng)問(wèn)日本。訪(fǎng)問(wèn)期間他參觀(guān)了日本的鋼鐵、汽車(chē)和電器工廠(chǎng)。他在考察日產(chǎn)汽車(chē)公司時(shí)感慨地說(shuō)：“我懂得了什么是現代化?！闭怯辛藢κ澜缃?jīng)濟發(fā)展進(jìn)程了解的增加，才促使中國共產(chǎn)黨對社會(huì )主義建設歷史經(jīng)驗進(jìn)行總結，對發(fā)展道路進(jìn)行深刻思考。改革開(kāi)放就這樣在全黨全社會(huì )逐漸形成共識，成為“大勢所趨，人心所向”。

In the 1970s and 1980s, the world economy developed rapidly and science and technology progressed with each passing day. However, China's economy was still very underdeveloped at that time, and the nation's construction was awaited. In October 1978, at the invitation of Japan, Deng Xiaoping visited Japanese steel, automobile and electrical appliances factories. When visiting Nissan Motor Company, he said with emotion: “Now I understand what modernization is.” It is the increased understanding of the world economic development that prompted the CPC to summarize the historical experience of socialism building and deliberate profoundly on the development path. As a result, the whole Party and whole society have gradually reached a consensus about reform and opening-up, which is "the general trend and the will of the people" now.

一、中國實(shí)施改革開(kāi)放的基本過(guò)程

1978年，中共十一屆三中全會(huì )是劃時(shí)代的，開(kāi)啟了中國改革開(kāi)放和社會(huì )主義現代化建設歷史新時(shí)期。40多來(lái)，中國解放思想，大膽試、大膽闖，改革從農村到城市，從試點(diǎn)到推廣，從經(jīng)濟體制改革到各方面體制改革再到全面深化改革，從對內搞活到對外開(kāi)放，從部分地區和領(lǐng)域對外開(kāi)放到全方位多層次寬領(lǐng)域對外開(kāi)放。以鄧小平同志為主要代表的中國共產(chǎn)黨人作出把黨和國家工作中心轉移到經(jīng)濟建設上來(lái)、實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放的歷史性決策，成功開(kāi)創(chuàng )了中國特色社會(huì )主義。以江澤民同志為主要代表的中國共產(chǎn)黨人，確立了社會(huì )主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟體制的改革目標和基本框架，開(kāi)創(chuàng )改革開(kāi)放新局面，成功把中國特色社會(huì )主義推向21世紀。以胡錦濤同志為主要代表的中國共產(chǎn)黨人，強調堅持以人為本、全面協(xié)調可持續發(fā)展，推進(jìn)黨的執政能力建設和先進(jìn)性建設，成功在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上堅持和發(fā)展了中國特色社會(huì )主義。

中共十八大以來(lái)，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧，以一往無(wú)前的自我革命精神，確定了全面深化改革總目標，著(zhù)力增強改革系統性、整體性、協(xié)同性，著(zhù)力抓好重大制度創(chuàng )新，著(zhù)力提升人民群眾獲得感、幸福感、安全感，以前所未有的力度推進(jìn)全面深化改革，推出1600多項改革方案，啃下多少硬骨頭，闖過(guò)多少急流險灘，改革呈現全面發(fā)力、多點(diǎn)突破、蹄疾步穩、縱深推進(jìn)的局面，以一系列歷史性成就和歷史性變革，推動(dòng)中國特色社會(huì )主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。中共十八屆三中全會(huì )開(kāi)啟了全面深化改革、系統整體設計推進(jìn)改革的新時(shí)代，開(kāi)創(chuàng )了中國改革開(kāi)放的全新局面。

中共十九大以來(lái)，黨中央在深化中共十八大以來(lái)改革成果的基礎上，不失時(shí)機推進(jìn)重大全局性改革，全面深化改革取得新的重大進(jìn)展。繼續推進(jìn)改革，要把更多精力聚焦到重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題上來(lái)，集中力量打攻堅戰，激發(fā)制度活力，激活基層經(jīng)驗，激勵干部作為，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)把全面深化改革推向深入。中共十九屆四中全會(huì )和十八屆三中全會(huì )歷史邏輯一脈相承、理論邏輯相互支撐、實(shí)踐邏輯環(huán)環(huán)相扣，目標指向一以貫之，重大部署接續遞進(jìn)。中共十九屆四中全會(huì )不僅系統集成了十八屆三中全會(huì )以來(lái)全面深化改革的理論成果、制度成果、實(shí)踐成果，而且對新時(shí)代全面深化改革勾勒出更加清晰的頂層設計。

I. The Course of Reform and Opening-up in China

In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, an epoch-making session, opened a new and historic period of China's reform and opening-up and socialist modernization. For more than 40 years, by mind emancipation and brave innovation, China has launched reforms from rural areas to cities, from testing pilot projects to full scale roll out. Reforms have been implemented from economic system to other areas’ systems, to deepening reforms in a comprehensive manner; from domestic economy to that of the world. And Opening-up has been carried out from some regions and areas to all-round, multi-level and wide-range opening-up. The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping as the main representative, made the historic decision to shift the work center of the Party and the country to economic development and reform and opening-up, successfully creating socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Jiang Zemin as the main representative, who set the reform goals and basic framework of the socialist market economy system, opened a new phase of reform and opening-up, and successfully took socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century. The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Hu Jintao as the main representative, who put emphasis on the people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, and the improvement of the Party's governing ability and advanced nature, succeeded in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics from a new starting point.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has set the general goal of comprehensively deepening reforms with great political courage, wisdom and unrelenting self-revolutionary spirit, focusing on enhancing the systematic, integrated, and synergistic reforms, on great innovations of systems in every area, and on improving the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security. The CPC has comprehensively furthered reforms with unprecedented strength, and introduced more than 1,600 reform plans. It’s hard to imagine how many difficulties have been overcome. The all-round and fast, steady and deep reforms, with a series of historic achievements and changes, pushed socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new era. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China opened a new phase of comprehensively and systematically deepening reform and expanding opening-up.

Since the 19th CPC National Congress, on the basis of reform achievements since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has made new and significant progress in comprehensively furthering reform. To advance reforms, the CPC decided to focus on key issues, stimulate systems’ vitality, engage the grassroots, and encourage cadres to take action. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee and the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee have the similar historical, theoretical and practical background. The goals of the two sessions are consistent, and major deployments continue to progress. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China not only systematically integrated theories, systems and good practices of deepening overall reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, but also outlined a clearer top-level design for comprehensively furthering reform in the new era.

二、中國改革開(kāi)放的寶貴經(jīng)驗

只有順應歷史潮流，積極應變，主動(dòng)求變，才能與時(shí)代同行?！靶兄t知愈進(jìn)，知之深則行愈達?！备母镩_(kāi)放以來(lái)積累的寶貴經(jīng)驗是中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國人民彌足珍貴的精神財富，對新時(shí)代堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義有著(zhù)極為重要的指導意義，必須倍加珍惜、長(cháng)期堅持，在實(shí)踐中不斷豐富和發(fā)展。

一是堅持中國共產(chǎn)黨對一切工作的領(lǐng)導。改革開(kāi)放是中國共產(chǎn)黨在新的時(shí)代條件下帶領(lǐng)中國人民進(jìn)行的新的偉大革命。把十四億中國人民的思想與力量統一和凝聚起來(lái)，齊心協(xié)力推進(jìn)全面深化改革、發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義、實(shí)現中華民族偉大復興，沒(méi)有中國共產(chǎn)黨的堅強統一領(lǐng)導是不可設想的。壯闊的征程，需要領(lǐng)航的力量。歷史證明，只有中國共產(chǎn)黨才能領(lǐng)導中國，只有中國共產(chǎn)黨才能發(fā)展中國。鴉片戰爭后，中華民族陷入被侮辱、被宰割的悲慘境地?！爸袊e弱，至今極矣?！睘榱烁淖冞@種狀況，各種主義和思潮都進(jìn)行過(guò)嘗試，皆以失敗告終。中國共產(chǎn)黨一經(jīng)成立，就義無(wú)反顧肩負起實(shí)現中華民族偉大復興的歷史使命。從1949年建立新中國，到改革開(kāi)放大幕，再到新時(shí)代實(shí)現新飛躍，中國共產(chǎn)黨帶領(lǐng)人民在時(shí)代的激流中開(kāi)辟出屬于自己的航道，走出了一條中國特色社會(huì )主義道路?！皼](méi)有中國共產(chǎn)黨就沒(méi)有新中國?！薄稗k好中國的事情，關(guān)鍵在黨?！薄皥猿趾屯晟泣h的領(lǐng)導，是黨和國家的根本所在、命脈所在?！边@些結論，充分說(shuō)明了堅持和加強中國共產(chǎn)黨的全面領(lǐng)導的歷史必然性。

二是堅持以人民為中心，不斷實(shí)現人民對美好生活的向往。民之所望，改革所向?；赝母镩_(kāi)放的壯闊歷程，“人民”是貫穿始終的一條主線(xiàn)。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，按照可比價(jià)格計算，中國國內生產(chǎn)總值年均增長(cháng)約9.5%，中國人民生活從短缺走向充裕、從貧困走向小康。改革開(kāi)放的成功，就在于順應了中國人民要發(fā)展、要創(chuàng )新、要美好生活的歷史要求。從包產(chǎn)到戶(hù)的探索創(chuàng )新，到鄉鎮企業(yè)的異軍突起，再到數字經(jīng)濟的蓬勃發(fā)展，改革開(kāi)放在認識和實(shí)踐上的每一次突破和發(fā)展，無(wú)不來(lái)自人民群眾的實(shí)踐和智慧。始終堅持以人民為中心，尊重人民主體地位，發(fā)揮群眾首創(chuàng )精神，才能依靠人民推動(dòng)改革，才能為了人民創(chuàng )造奇跡。

三是堅持馬克思主義指導地位，不斷推進(jìn)實(shí)踐基礎上的理論創(chuàng )新。馬克思主義是立黨立國的根本指導思想，背離或放棄馬克思主義，就會(huì )失去靈魂、迷失方向。中國特色社會(huì )主義是社會(huì )主義，不是別的什么主義。中國共產(chǎn)黨始終堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同中國的具體實(shí)際相結合，不斷推進(jìn)馬克思主義中國化時(shí)代化大眾化，推進(jìn)實(shí)踐基礎上的理論創(chuàng )新，形成了鄧小平理論、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀(guān)、習近平新時(shí)代中國特色社會(huì )主義思想，實(shí)現了黨的指導思想的與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。這些重大理論成果，科學(xué)回答了“什么是社會(huì )主義”、“怎樣建設社會(huì )主義”，“建設什么樣的黨”、“怎樣建設黨”，“實(shí)現什么樣的發(fā)展”、“怎樣發(fā)展”，“新時(shí)代堅持和發(fā)展什么樣的中國特色社會(huì )主義”、“怎樣堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義”等根本性問(wèn)題，貫穿著(zhù)建設中國特色社會(huì )主義的共同主題，為改革開(kāi)放和社會(huì )主義現代化建設指明了前進(jìn)方向。

四是堅持走中國特色社會(huì )主義道路，不斷堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義。走自己的路，建設中國特色社會(huì )主義，是中國共產(chǎn)黨改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)的戰略抉擇。不走封閉僵化的老路，也不走改旗易幟的邪路。路在何方，路在腳下，在中國大地上。他人的經(jīng)驗，可以知曉借鑒，但無(wú)需頂禮膜拜。馬克思、恩格斯確立的科學(xué)社會(huì )主義基本原則，反映了社會(huì )主義的本質(zhì)要求，但社會(huì )主義的實(shí)現途徑和具體道路，則要同中國實(shí)際緊密結合。建設中國特色社會(huì )主義，不是搞變通的資本主義，而是社會(huì )主義在中國的獨特樣式。40多年來(lái)的歷史證明，走自己的路，走出了海闊天空，走出了小康富裕，走出了中國新貌。新時(shí)代改革開(kāi)放再出發(fā)，就是要繼續走自己的路，走與科學(xué)社會(huì )主義相貫通、與人類(lèi)文明進(jìn)步相融匯的路。

五是堅持完善和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義制度，不斷發(fā)揮和增強中國制度優(yōu)勢。制度事關(guān)黨和國家事業(yè)發(fā)展的根本性、全局性、穩定性、長(cháng)期性。沒(méi)有中國特色社會(huì )主義制度這個(gè)有力保證，就不會(huì )有改革開(kāi)放在中國大地上的凱歌前行。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，我們解放思想、實(shí)事求是，大膽地試、勇敢地改，將世人眼中一系列的“不可能”轉變?yōu)椤翱赡堋?、轉變?yōu)閷?shí)實(shí)在在的人間奇跡。中國共產(chǎn)黨之所以能夠帶領(lǐng)人民繪就一幅波瀾壯闊、氣勢恢宏的歷史畫(huà)卷，正在于始終堅持牢牢“扭住完善和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義制度這個(gè)關(guān)鍵”。在慶祝改革開(kāi)放40周年大會(huì )上的講話(huà)中，習近平從經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會(huì )、生態(tài)文明“五位一體”總體布局出發(fā)，明確闡述了前進(jìn)道路上必須堅持的一系列基本制度。不斷發(fā)揮和增強中國制度優(yōu)勢，首要前提就是保持定力，在堅持這些基本制度上毫不動(dòng)搖。

六是堅持以發(fā)展為第一要務(wù)，不斷增強中國綜合國力。改革開(kāi)放積累的最寶貴經(jīng)驗之一，是必須堅持以發(fā)展為第一要務(wù)，不斷增強綜合國力。40多年來(lái)，中國始終堅持以經(jīng)濟建設為中心，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì )生產(chǎn)力，國內生產(chǎn)總值由3679億元增長(cháng)到2017年的82.7萬(wàn)億元，年均實(shí)際增長(cháng)9.5%，遠高于同期世界經(jīng)濟2.9%左右的年均增速。中國國內生產(chǎn)總值占世界生產(chǎn)總值的比重由改革開(kāi)放之初的1.8%上升到15.2%，多年來(lái)對世界經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)貢獻率超過(guò)30%。中國貨物進(jìn)出口總額從206億美元增長(cháng)到超過(guò)4萬(wàn)億美元，累計使用外商直接投資超過(guò)2萬(wàn)億美元，對外投資總額達到1.9萬(wàn)億美元。中國主要農產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量躍居世界前列，建立了全世界最完整的現代工業(yè)體系，科技創(chuàng )新和重大工程捷報頻傳。中國基礎設施建設成就顯著(zhù)，信息暢通，公路成網(wǎng)，鐵路密布，高壩矗立，西氣東輸，南水北調，高鐵飛馳，巨輪遠航，飛機翱翔，天塹變通途?，F在，中國是世界第二大經(jīng)濟體、制造業(yè)第一大國、貨物貿易第一大國、商品消費第二大國、外資流入第二大國，中國外匯儲備連續多年位居世界第一，中國人民在富起來(lái)、強起來(lái)的征程上邁出了決定性的步伐！

七是堅持擴大開(kāi)放，不斷推動(dòng)共建人類(lèi)命運共同體。開(kāi)放帶來(lái)進(jìn)步、封閉必然落后，是人類(lèi)社會(huì )發(fā)展的歷史規律，也是當今世界這個(gè)地球村的現實(shí)寫(xiě)照。40多年來(lái)，中國積極把握經(jīng)濟全球化機遇，堅定不移擴大對外開(kāi)放，充分利用國際國內兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)兩種資源加快發(fā)展，貿易大國地位日益鞏固，在成為吸引全球投資熱土的同時(shí)，“走出去”步伐不斷加快。一是對外貿易規模大幅增長(cháng)。2017年，中國貨物進(jìn)出口總額達到4.1萬(wàn)億美元，比1978年增長(cháng)197.9倍，年均增長(cháng)14.5%，居世界第一位；服務(wù)進(jìn)出口總額6957億美元，比1982年增長(cháng)147倍，連續4年保持世界第二位。二是吸引外資與對外投資快速發(fā)展。1979年至2017年，中國累計吸引外商直接投資達18966億美元，是吸引外商直接投資最多的發(fā)展中國家。2017年，中國對外直接投資額（不含銀行、證券、保險）1201億美元，比2003年增長(cháng)41.1倍，年均增長(cháng)30.6%。三是共建“一帶一路”成效顯著(zhù)。中共十八大以來(lái)，“一帶一路”建設碩果累累。目前，100多個(gè)國家和國際組織以不同形式參與“一帶一路”建設，80多個(gè)國家及國際組織同中國簽署了合作協(xié)議。2017年，中國對“一帶一路”沿線(xiàn)的59個(gè)國家直接投資額（不含銀行、證券、保險）144億美元，占同期總額的12%。

八是堅持全面從嚴治黨，不斷提高黨的創(chuàng )造力、凝聚力、戰斗力。打鐵必須自身硬。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國持續推進(jìn)黨的建設新的偉大工程，從嚴管黨治黨，黨在革命性鍛造中堅定走在時(shí)代前列?！皠偃苏哂辛?，自勝者強?！敝袊伯a(chǎn)黨在領(lǐng)導改革開(kāi)放和社會(huì )主義現代化建設偉大社會(huì )革命的同時(shí)，堅定不移推進(jìn)偉大自我革命，清除一切侵蝕黨的健康肌體的病毒，始終保持勃勃生機和強大戰斗力。

九是堅持辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義世界觀(guān)和方法論，正確處理改革發(fā)展穩定關(guān)系。中國改革開(kāi)放的成功，離不開(kāi)科學(xué)世界觀(guān)和方法論的指導。習近平指出，必須堅持辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義世界觀(guān)和方法論，正確處理改革發(fā)展穩定關(guān)系，正是因為始終堅持辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義，正確處理改革發(fā)展穩定關(guān)系，從而保證了改革進(jìn)程富有成效地開(kāi)展。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，中國改革的方法在于：堅持加強中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導和尊重人民首創(chuàng )精神相結合，創(chuàng )造了既有集中統一又充分調動(dòng)每個(gè)人積極性和能動(dòng)性的生動(dòng)局面，放手讓一切勞動(dòng)、知識、技術(shù)、管理、資本等要素的活力競相迸發(fā)，讓一切創(chuàng )造社會(huì )財富的源泉充分涌流，在社會(huì )穩定有序的前提下激發(fā)了全社會(huì )的創(chuàng )造活力。堅持“摸著(zhù)石頭過(guò)河”和頂層設計相結合，在整體上有規劃、有戰略，在局部上能夠根據實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行具體問(wèn)題具體分析，從而不僅讓改革有明確的目標指向，而且能夠讓改革目標在實(shí)踐中落地。堅持問(wèn)題導向和目標導向相統一，這樣既能夠在過(guò)程中及時(shí)發(fā)現問(wèn)題，又能扭住目標把改革推進(jìn)到底。堅持試點(diǎn)先行和全面推進(jìn)相促進(jìn)，既鼓勵大膽試、大膽闖，又堅持實(shí)事求是、善作善成，確保了改革開(kāi)放行穩致遠。

II. The Valuable Experience of China’s Reform and Opening-up

Only by conforming to the historical trend, actively adapting to changes, and proactively making changes can we keep pace with the times. "Practice enriches knowledge, and more knowledge leads to better practice." The valuable reform and opening-up experience is the precious spiritual wealth of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people, and is extremely important for upholding and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, so it should be cherished, upheld and enriched for long term.

The first is strengthening the leadership of the Communist Party of China across the board. Reform and opening-up is a great new revolution carried out by the Chinese people with CPC as the lead in the new era. Without strong and unified leadership of the Communist Party of China, we can hardly unify and unite the thoughts and strength of the 1.4 billion Chinese people, or make concerted efforts to push forward reforms, or develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, or realize the great rejuvenation of our nation. The magnificent journey requires the power of piloting. History has proved that only the Communist Party of China can lead China and only the Communist Party of China can develop China. After the Opium War, the Chinese nation fell into a tragic situation of being insulted and slaughtered. "China has been weak for so long, and now to its extreme." In order to change this situation, various philosophies and ideological trends have tried, but they all ended in failure. Once the Communist Party of China was established, it had no hesitation in shouldering the historical mission of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. From the founding of New China in 1949, to reform and opening-up, and to the new era, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to open up their own waterways in the rapids of the times and embarked on a new path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. "Without the Communist Party of China, there would be no New China." “China’s success hinges on the CPC." “Upholding and improving the leadership of the Party is the fundamental and lifeblood of the Party and the country." These conclusions fully illustrate the historical inevitability of upholding and strengthening the overall leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.

The second is adhering to the people-centered philosophy and continuously fulfilling the people's yearning for a better life. The hope of the people is the direction of reforms. Looking back at the magnificent course of reform and opening-up, "the people" is the main thread that runs through. Since the reform and opening-up, China’s GDP has grown at an average annual rate of about 9.5% based on comparable prices, and the life of the Chinese people has moved from shortage to abundance, and from poverty to well-off. The success of reform and opening-up lies in conforming to the historical requirements of the Chinese people for development, innovation, and a better life. From the exploration and innovation of contracting production to households, to the rapid emergence of township and village enterprises, to the vigorous development of the digital economy, every breakthrough of reform and opening-up comes from the practice and wisdom of the people. Only by insisting on putting the people first, respecting people’s rights as the master of the country, and giving play to the initiative of the people can we rely on the people to promote reforms and create miracles for the people.

The third is taking Marxism as guide and continuously pursue theoretical innovation based on practice. Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for building the Party and the country. If you deviate from or abandon Marxism, you will lose your soul and your way. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, not any other ism. The Communist Party of China has always integrated the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality, and continuously promoted the localization, modernization and popularization of Marxism in China by theoretical innovation. The achievements include Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, The Scientific Development Concept and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The Party’s guiding ideology advances with the times. These major theoretical achievements, with the common goals of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, have scientifically answered some basic fundamental issues of "what is socialism", "how to build socialism", "what kind of party to build", "how to build a party", "what kind of development to pursue", "how to develop", "what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop in the new era”, and "how to do it", and point out a clear direction for the reform and opening-up and socialism modernization.

The fourth is sticking to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and developing it. It is the strategic choice of the CPC to take its own path and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics since reform and opening-up. Do not follow the old road of isolation and rigidity, or the evil road of changing the flag and ideology. The road is where you stand, on the land of China. The experience of others can be learned, but there is no need to worship. The basic principles of scientific socialism established by Marx and Engels reflect the essential requirements of socialism, but the ways to realize socialism must be consistent with China's reality. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is not another kind of capitalism, but the unique style of socialism in China. The history of more than 40 years has proved that the way we took led to a well-off and prosperous society, and brought a new look to China. When we set out again for reform and opening-up in the new era, we should continue to follow our own path, a path towards scientific socialism and human civilization progress.

The fifth is upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and constantly exerting and enhancing its advantages. The system is the foundation of the Party and the country, and it is related to the comprehensiveness, stability, and sustainability of the development. Without the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, there would be no triumphant advance of reform and opening-up. Since the reform and opening-up, we have emancipated our minds, sought truth from facts, bravely tried and changed, and transformed a series of "impossibles" into "possibles" and miracles on earth. The reason why the Chinese Communist Party is able to lead the Chinese people to make a magnificent history is that it has always adhered to improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In his speech at the celebration of the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up, Xi Jinping, from the perspective of "Five-Pronged Overall Plan", clearly stated a series of basic systems that must be adhered to. The first prerequisite for continuously exerting and enhancing the advantages of China's system is to maintain determination and keep unwavering.

The sixth is making development as the top priority and continuously improving China's comprehensive national strength. One of the most valuable experiences accumulated in reform and opening-up is that development must be the top priority and the overall national strength must be continuously enhanced. For more than 40 years, China has always insisted on focusing on economic development and continuously liberating and developing social productive forces. Its GDP has increased from 367.9 billion Yuan to 82.7 trillion Yuan in 2017, with an average annual real growth rate of 9.5%, much higher than 2.9% of the world over the same period. The proportion of China's GDP in the world's GDP has risen from 1.8% at the beginning of reform and opening-up to 15.2%, and has contributed more than 30% to the world economic growth over the years. China’s total imports and exports of goods have increased from US$20.6 billion to more than US$4 trillion. The cumulative use of foreign direct investment has exceeded US$2 trillion, and the total foreign investment has reached US$1.9 trillion. China's production of major agricultural products has leapt to the forefront of the world, and the world's most complete modern industrial system has been established, with frequently reported scientific and technological innovation and major projects. China has made remarkable achievements in infrastructure construction, such as unimpeded access to information, networked roads, densely distributed railways, high dams, west-to-east gas transmission, south-to-north water transfer, high-speed railways, ships and aircrafts, and magnificent bridges. Now, China is the world’s second largest economy, largest manufacturing country, largest trade in goods, second largest consumer of goods, and second largest inflow of foreign capital. China’s foreign exchange reserves have ranked first in the world for many years. The Chinese people have made decisive progress on the journey of becoming rich and getting stronger!

The seventh is expanding opening-up and building a community with a shared future for mankind. Openness brings progress, and closure inevitably leads to lagging behind. It is the historical law of the development of human society, and also the reality of the world today. For more than 40 years, China has actively seized the opportunity of economic globalization, unswervingly expanded its opening-up, and made full use of the resources of both international and domestic markets to accelerate its development. Its status as a major trading country has been increasingly consolidated. While becoming a hot spot for attracting global investment, its “go global” strategy keeps accelerating. First, the scale of foreign trade has grown substantially. In 2017, China’s total imports and exports of goods reached US$4.1 trillion, an increase of 197.9 times over that of 1978, with an average annual growth rate of 14.5%, ranking first in the world; total imports and exports of services reached US$695.7 billion, an increase of 147 times over 1982, maintaining the second place in the world for four consecutive years. The second is the rapid development of foreign inflows and investment abroad. From 1979 to 2017, China attracted a total of US$1.8966 billion in foreign direct investment, making it the developing country that attracted the most foreign direct investment. In 2017, China's direct investment abroad (excluding banks, securities, and insurance) was US$120.1 billion, an increase of 41.1 times over 2003, with an average annual growth rate of 30.6%. Third, the “Road and Belt” initiative has achieved remarkable results. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the "Belt and Road" has been fruitful. At present, more than 100 countries and international organizations are participating in the initiative, and more than 80 countries and international organizations have signed cooperation agreements with China. In 2017, China's direct investment (excluding banks, securities, and insurance) in 59 countries along the “Road and Belt” was US$14.4 billion, accounting for 12% of the total amount over the same period.

The eighth is exercising full and rigorous governance over the Party, and continuously improving the Party's creativity, cohesion, and capacity. “It takes a good blacksmith to make steel”. Since the reform and opening-up, China has continued to promote the great new project of Party building, and ensure strict governance over the Party. "He who conquers the world has strength；He who conquers the self has harmony." While leading the great reform and opening-up and the modernization of socialism, the Communist Party of China unswervingly promotes the great self-revolution, eliminates all viruses that erode the party, and always maintains its vigor. 

The ninth is correctly dealing with the relationship between reform, development and stability from the view of Dialectical and Historical Materialism. The success of China's reform and opening-up is based on the scientific worldview and methodology. Xi Jinping pointed out that we must adhere to the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and correctly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability, which is the reason for the success of the reform. Specifically, the method of China's reform lies in: insisting on the integrity of the leadership of the Communist Party of China and respect for the people’s initiative, and creating a vivid situation that not only centralizes and unifies but also fully mobilizes everyone’s enthusiasm and initiative, and let free all the vital factors, such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, and capital to stimulate the whole society’s creativity. Bravely try with top-level design as guidance. Make plans and strategies on the whole, while provide specific solutions to specific problems, so that the reform can be implemented with clear goal. Unify the problem-oriented and goal-oriented methods to discover problems in time and to bolster the reform. Support the pilot programs, and encourage bold trial, while insist on seeking truth from facts, ensuring the stability and long-term nature of reform and opening-up.

三、改革實(shí)現新突破和形成全面開(kāi)放新格局

改革開(kāi)放是決定當代中國命運的關(guān)鍵抉擇，是當代中國發(fā)展進(jìn)步的活力之源，是黨和人民事業(yè)大踏步趕上時(shí)代的重要法寶，是堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義、實(shí)現中華民族偉大復興的必由之路。當前，中國改革發(fā)展正處于深刻變化之中，外部不確定不穩定因素增多，改革發(fā)展面臨許多新情況新問(wèn)題。面向未來(lái)，中國將大力推動(dòng)改革實(shí)現新突破，形成全面開(kāi)放新格局。

首先，要以改革開(kāi)放的眼光看待改革開(kāi)放，充分認識新形勢下改革開(kāi)放的時(shí)代性、體系性、全局性問(wèn)題，在更高起點(diǎn)、更高層次、更高目標上推進(jìn)改革開(kāi)放?？梢哉f(shuō)，改革是由問(wèn)題倒逼而產(chǎn)生，又在不斷解決問(wèn)題中得以深化。善于用發(fā)展的眼光看待問(wèn)題、用發(fā)展的辦法解決問(wèn)題，才符合辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義。當前出現的矛盾和問(wèn)題，大多是改革不夠到位、對外開(kāi)放水平不夠高造成的?？梢哉f(shuō)，這些問(wèn)題是改革開(kāi)放還不夠深入的反映，說(shuō)到底是發(fā)展中的問(wèn)題、成長(cháng)中的煩惱，必須通過(guò)深化改革開(kāi)放的方式加以解決。

其次，中國特色社會(huì )主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，開(kāi)放的大門(mén)只會(huì )越開(kāi)越大。改革開(kāi)放是在經(jīng)濟全球化的大背景下進(jìn)行的，把改革開(kāi)放的旗幟舉得更高更穩，就要把握經(jīng)濟全球化的時(shí)代大勢，在更深層次、更寬領(lǐng)域、以更大力度推進(jìn)全方位高水平開(kāi)放。歷史大潮浩蕩前行。經(jīng)濟全球化是不可逆轉的歷史大勢。歷史已經(jīng)證明，只有堅持開(kāi)放合作才能獲得更多發(fā)展機遇和更大發(fā)展空間，自我封閉只會(huì )失去世界，最終也會(huì )失去自己。開(kāi)放已經(jīng)成為當代中國的鮮明標識。過(guò)去中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展成就是在開(kāi)放條件下取得的，未來(lái)中國經(jīng)濟實(shí)現高質(zhì)量發(fā)展也必須在更加開(kāi)放的條件下進(jìn)行。習近平多次向世界宣示：“中國開(kāi)放的大門(mén)不會(huì )關(guān)閉，只會(huì )越開(kāi)越大?！敝袊鴮远ú灰品钚谢ダ糙A(yíng)的開(kāi)放戰略，實(shí)行高水平的貿易和投資自由化便利化政策，推動(dòng)形成陸海內外聯(lián)動(dòng)、東西雙向互濟的開(kāi)放格局。海南全島建設自由貿易試驗區，正是中國推動(dòng)形成對外開(kāi)放新格局的積極作為。中國歡迎全世界投資者到海南投資興業(yè)，積極參與海南自由貿易港建設，共享中國發(fā)展機遇、共享中國改革成果。

再次，堅持創(chuàng )新是第一動(dòng)力，以創(chuàng )新精神推動(dòng)改革開(kāi)放?！叭胫?，其進(jìn)愈難?！苯裉?，實(shí)現中華民族偉大復興進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵階段，景色更加壯闊，時(shí)間更加緊迫，“不創(chuàng )新就要落后，創(chuàng )新慢了也要落后”。改革開(kāi)放來(lái)到了新的關(guān)口，沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗可循，沒(méi)有模式可依，簡(jiǎn)單延續和模仿前期改革、修補完善已有改革成果，都難以實(shí)現大進(jìn)步，必須向著(zhù)陌生地帶、高難領(lǐng)域發(fā)起新的改革攻堅。一切社會(huì )變遷和歷史變革的終極原因，“應當到生產(chǎn)方式和交換方式的變更中去尋找”。沒(méi)有實(shí)踐大創(chuàng )新，就不會(huì )有改革大突破，改革開(kāi)放的過(guò)程，就是實(shí)踐創(chuàng )新的過(guò)程。除了勇敢推進(jìn)理論創(chuàng )新、實(shí)踐創(chuàng )新、制度創(chuàng )新、文化創(chuàng )新以及各方面創(chuàng )新，我們別無(wú)其他選擇。

大道至簡(jiǎn)，實(shí)干為要。面對世界經(jīng)濟格局的深刻變化，為了共同建設一個(gè)更加美好的世界，各國都應該拿出更大勇氣，積極推動(dòng)開(kāi)放合作，實(shí)現共同發(fā)展。

III. New Breakthroughs of Reform and New Pattern of All-Round Opening-Up

Reform and opening-up is the key choice of China, the driving force for the development of China, and the trump for the course of the Party and the Chinese people. Reform and opening-up is the inevitable path to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, and strive for the great national rejuvenation. At present, China's reform and development are undergoing profound changes, and increased external uncertainties and unstable factors pose many new challenges and new problems to our reform. In the future, China will vigorously promote reform to achieve new breakthroughs and form a new pattern of comprehensive opening-up.

First of all, promote reform and opening-up from a higher starting point with higher goals, and better understand the systematic problems in reform. Reform came from the urge to solve the problem, and has been bolstered in the process of solving the problem. Handling problems with a developmental perspective is in line with the requirement of Dialectical and Historical Materialism. Most of the current contradictions and problems are caused by insufficient reforms and openness, and can only be resolved by deepening reform and opening-up.

Second, as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, the door of opening-up will definitely open wider and wider. In the context of economic globalization, we must grasp the general trend of the era and promote high-level all-round opening-up in deeper and broader fields. Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend. History has proven that only by adhering to opening-up and cooperation can we obtain more development opportunities. Being self-closed will only lead to loss of the world, and eventually loss of ourselves. Openness brought China economic development, and has become a distinctive symbol of China. In future, the high-quality development of China’s economy will also be based on broader opening-up. Xi Jinping has repeatedly declared to the world: "China will not close its door of opening-up, but will only open wider." China will unswervingly pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy and implement high-level trade and investment liberalization and facilitation policies. China will form a new structure of opening-up with land and sea areas, home and abroad interaction, and east-west mutual assistance. The establishment of Hainan pilot free trade zone is an example of China to promote that structure. China welcomes investors from all over the world to invest in Hainan, participate in the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port, and share China’s development opportunities and the fruits of China’s reforms.

Moreover, take innovation as the first driving force for reform and opening-up. "The deeper you enter, the more difficult it will be to advance." Today, the great rejuvenation of the nation has entered a critical stage. "If don't innovate, you will fall behind, and if act slowly, you will also fall behind." Reform and opening-up have come to a new threshold. There is no experience to follow. Simply continuing and imitating the previous reforms, or just repairing and improving existing reform results are difficult to achieve new progress. New reforms must be launched in unfamiliar areas and difficult areas. The ultimate cause of all social and historical changes "should be found in the changes in the mode of production and exchange." Without major innovation, there will be no major reform breakthroughs. And the process of reform and opening-up is a process of practice and innovation. We have no choice but to bravely promote theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and innovation in all other aspects.

Great truths are always simple, and one of them is action speaks louder than words. In the face of the profound changes of the world economic structure, in order to jointly build a better world, all countries should show greater courage to promote openness and cooperation, and achieve common development.