“十四五”時(shí)期中國將建設更美好世界

——《習近平談治國理政》第三卷學(xué)習思考

（中國現代國際關(guān)系研究院世界政治所助理研究員 王磊）

China Will Build a Better World During the “14th Five-Year” Plan Period

——Thoughts upon Studying Xi Jinping: The Governance of China (Volume III)

(Wang Lei, Research Assistant， Institute of World Politics Studies of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations)

《習近平談治國理政》第三卷生動(dòng)記錄了中共十九大以來(lái)以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，團結帶領(lǐng)中國人民立足“兩個(gè)大局”、推進(jìn)“兩個(gè)革命”、全面建成小康社會(huì )的偉大實(shí)踐，生動(dòng)展示了馬克思主義中國化的最新成果。2020年是中國全面建成小康社會(huì )目標實(shí)現之年，是全面打贏(yíng)脫貧攻堅戰收官之年。在這樣一個(gè)時(shí)間節點(diǎn)，召開(kāi)中共十九屆五中全會(huì )，研究“十四五”規劃和2035年遠景目標的建議，有著(zhù)特殊重要意義。

It is profoundly recorded in the third volume of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China that, since the 19th National Congress of CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has united and led the Chinese people to consider “two major situations”, promote “two revolutions”, and complete the great practice of building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. It is a vivid presentation of the latest achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. 2020 is the year in which China realizes its goal of building a moderately prosperous society and wins the battle against poverty in all-round way. At such a time node, it is of special significance to hold the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee to assess proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.

中共十九屆五中全會(huì )提出了到2035年基本實(shí)現社會(huì )主義現代化的遠景目標，提出了“十四五”時(shí)期經(jīng)濟社會(huì )發(fā)展的主要目標，擘畫(huà)了全國努力奮斗的新藍圖?！笆奈濉睍r(shí)期，世界百年大變局加速演進(jìn)，中華民族偉大復興穩步推進(jìn)，中國對內以推進(jìn)社會(huì )主義現代化為目標，對外以構建人類(lèi)命運共同體為目標，國內與國際兩個(gè)大局互動(dòng)更為緊密，中國的發(fā)展將為世界注入更多“光和亮”。

At the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, a new blueprint for national efforts has been mapped out with the proposal of a set of long-range objectives for China socialist modernization which should be substantially achieved by 2035 and that of major economic and social development targets during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. It has been predicted that during the 14th Five-year Plan period, the unprecedented great changes that the world is undergoing in a century is evolving in a rapid pace. And the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is proceeding steadily. China’s internal target is to promote socialist modernization and its external goal is to build a community with a shared future for mankind. The domestic and international situations will interact more closely. And China’s development will bring more “energy and contribution” to the world.

一、“十四五”規劃將在百年大變局中全面展開(kāi)

中國制定實(shí)施“十四五”規劃，是立足百年大變局發(fā)展，立足國際秩序轉型重塑，統籌全局、著(zhù)眼未來(lái)作出的重大戰略部署。百年大變局，既是世界之變，也有中國之變，二者相互疊加、相互影響、相互促進(jìn)。隨著(zhù)“十四五”規劃的全面展開(kāi)，中國的未來(lái)發(fā)展必將對世界產(chǎn)生更大影響。

第一，“十四五”規劃立足百年大變局。當今世界，系統性危機激蕩起伏，國際權力格局東升西降，大國關(guān)系分化重組，構成了中國制定實(shí)施“十四五”規劃的主要國際背景，中共十九屆五中全會(huì )公報強調指出，“全黨要統籌中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局，深刻認識我國社會(huì )主要矛盾變化帶來(lái)的新特征新要求，深刻認識錯綜復雜的國際環(huán)境帶來(lái)的新矛盾新挑戰?！笔澜绱笞兙值母緞?dòng)力和內在規律，源自各國經(jīng)濟政治發(fā)展不平衡。正是經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)的發(fā)展驅動(dòng)世界變革，影響社會(huì )結構、政治制度、軍事力量與大國地位的變化?！笆奈濉睍r(shí)期，“一超多強”格局將進(jìn)入多極化新階段，中國發(fā)展持續向好、國力持續上升的態(tài)勢為世界所共睹。

第二，“十四五”規劃立足國際秩序深刻轉型重塑。二戰結束以來(lái)，所謂“自由主義”秩序經(jīng)受住冷戰并在冷戰后擴及全球，如今遭受9·11事件、國際金融危機、新冠疫情等多次重大沖擊，已瀕于崩潰。一是國際政治秩序面臨大變革，當前以聯(lián)合國為核心的國際體系被某些大國邊緣化、政治化、工具化，其權威下降、效力不足，世衛組織、聯(lián)合國人權理事會(huì )等機構各方對立嚴重，功能失調。二是國際經(jīng)濟秩序面臨大調整，世界生產(chǎn)、貿易、投資體系面臨重塑，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、供應鏈因疫情加速調整，貿易規則及WTO改革愈加迫切，資本流動(dòng)新壁壘增多增高，區域經(jīng)濟合作異軍突起，,主要依靠本國、雙邊和區域合作等“自力更生”的新局面不斷涌現。三是世界政治思潮轉向，所謂“華盛頓共識”已經(jīng)解體，西方的自由民主模式吸引力下降，多種思潮并起，強政府理念廣受歡迎。美外交政策專(zhuān)家羅伯特·卡普蘭稱(chēng)，在后疫情世界，更將出現一種強化政府角色的新趨勢。

I. The 14th Five-Year Plan is going to be carried out in an all-round way against the background of unprecedented great changes in a century 

Based on the evolution of the unprecedented great changes in a century and the transformation and remodeling of the international order, China’s formulation and implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan is an important strategic deployment that plans the overall situation and eyes on the future. The great changes in a century occur not only in the world, but also in China. They are cross-overlapped, mutual influenced, and mutual promoted. With the full deployment of the 14th Five-Year Plan, China’s future development will certainly have more influence on the world. 

First, the 14th Five-Year Plan is proposed on the basis of the great changes in a century. In today’s world, systemic crises are in dramatic rise and fall, the trend of global power structure presents a rise in the East and a descend in the West, and the relations between major powers have been divided and reorganized. These constitute the main international background for China to formulate and implement the 14th Five-Year Plan. The communique of the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee stressed that “the whole Party should coordinate the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented great changes in a century of the world. Meanwhile, awareness must be raised about the new features and requirements brought about by the changing major contradictions in Chinese society, the new conflicts and challenges brought by the complex international environment.” The fundamental driving force and inner law of the great changes of the world originate from the unbalanced economic and political development between and among countries. It is the development of economy and technology that drives the changes in the world and affects the changes of social structure, political system, military power and the status of major powers. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the international uni-multipolarity model will evolve into a new stage of multi-polarization. The trend of China’s continuous development and rising national strength will be universally witnessed by the world. 

Secondly, the 14th Five-Year Plan is proposed on the basis of current international order which is undergoing profound transformation and remodeling. Since the end of World War II, the so-called “l(fā)iberal” international order has gone through the period of the Cold War, and spread throughout the world. Nowadays, it is on the verge of collapse after suffering several major shocks such as the 9/11 attacks, the international financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. First, the international political order is facing great changes. At present, the UN-centered international system is marginalized, politicized and instrumentalized by some major powers with its authority declining and effectiveness insufficient. In its institutions such as the WHO, the United Nations Human Rights Council, different sides are in serious opposition leading to disfunction. Second, the international economic order is facing profound adjustments. The production, trade and investment systems in the world are going to be reconstructed. The industry chain and the supply chain have been adjusted rapidly due to the pandemic. It is of more urgency to reform current trade rules as well as WTO. New barriers to capital flow have increased. Regional economic cooperation has sprung up. New scenarios of “self-reliance” such as relying mainly on domestic, bilateral and regional cooperation, are emerging. Third, the world political thought is turning to another orientation. The so-called “Washington Consensus” has disintegrated. The liberal and democratic model boasted by the West has been losing its attraction. A variety of trends of thought have been emerging and the idea of strong government is widely welcomed. Robert Kaplan, a US foreign policy expert, said that in the post-pandemic world, there will be a new trend to strengthen the role of the government. 

二、中國在世界中的新定位

“十四五”時(shí)期，中國身處百年大變局，走近世界舞臺中央，大國地位、責任、角色更重。中國將更好發(fā)揮“世界和平的建設者、全球發(fā)展的動(dòng)力源、國際秩序的穩定器” 作用，形成中國與世界關(guān)系的新框架。

第一，做世界和平的建設者。中國深刻認識到，經(jīng)濟和科技是決定當代大國發(fā)展進(jìn)步的勝負手，國家興旺發(fā)達的關(guān)鍵在于“辦好自己的事”。這一認識既有中國歷史上一直重視“修內政”的文化基因表達，也是中國深刻總結世界近現代國家發(fā)展規律得出的基本結論。一方面，中國矢志不渝堅持和平發(fā)展，中國的發(fā)展已經(jīng)用事實(shí)證明，通過(guò)和平手段可以實(shí)現發(fā)展崛起。另一方面，中國崛起也能更好維護世界和平，建設性介入全球熱點(diǎn)沖突地區和問(wèn)題，為世界和平與發(fā)展貢獻更多中國智慧、中國力量和中國方案。

第二，做全球發(fā)展的動(dòng)力源。其一，中國的發(fā)展是世界的機遇，中國已多年擔當世界經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)的主要引擎，2013-2018年平均貢獻率超過(guò)28％?！笆奈濉睍r(shí)期，中國仍有望保持世界經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)的主要動(dòng)力源地位，一個(gè)增長(cháng)質(zhì)量更好的中國，對世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展是長(cháng)期利好。麥肯錫全球研究院的報告認為，到2040年，中國和世界經(jīng)濟融合有望創(chuàng )造22萬(wàn)億至37萬(wàn)億美元的經(jīng)濟價(jià)值。其二，中國全方位擴大開(kāi)放，將為各國分享“中國紅利”創(chuàng )造更多機會(huì )。中國堅持奉行互利共贏(yíng)的開(kāi)放戰略，實(shí)現更大力度、更高水平的對外開(kāi)放，不斷改善營(yíng)商環(huán)境, 將成為世界工廠(chǎng)、全球市場(chǎng)以及國際的主要資本來(lái)源之一。其三，中國發(fā)展為其他發(fā)展中國家提供經(jīng)驗和借鑒。中國開(kāi)辟了一條現代化新路徑，但中國堅持不干涉他國內政，不輸出模式，將通過(guò)深化中外治國理政經(jīng)驗交流，共享發(fā)展經(jīng)驗。

第三，做國際秩序的穩定器。國際力量的對比變化決定了舊有國際秩序的轉型重塑不可避免，中國既要堅持捍衛其合理部分，又要積極支持引導革新其不合理部分?？傮w上，中國仍要做國際秩序的穩定之錨，降低其轉型過(guò)程中的不確定性、不穩定性給世界帶來(lái)的沖擊。一方面，中國堅持多邊主義，堅決捍衛聯(lián)合國的應有權威，維護世貿組織、世衛組織等既有多邊框架。另一方面，中國也攜手國際社會(huì )，推動(dòng)現有多邊治理體系改革完善，并搭建和運作政治、經(jīng)濟、安全、人文等領(lǐng)域多邊對話(huà)和合作的新平臺新機制。

II. China’s new position in the world

During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China is moving closer to the center stage of the world in the context of the unprecedented great changes in a century of the world. In addition, as a major power, China is going to take more responsibilities. China will better play its role as the “builder of world peace, contributor to global development and upholder of international order”, so as to form a new framework of the relations with the world.

Firstly, China will always be the builder of world peace. China has been profoundly aware that economy and science and technology are the deciding factors of the development and progress of contemporary major countries, and “running its own business well” is the key to a country’s prosperity. This understanding has contained not only the cultural gene of China which pays more attention on “being diligent in internal affairs”, but also the basic conclusion drawn by the profound summary of the development law of modern countries in the world. On the one hand, China is dedicated to peaceful development. It has been proved that China can achieve development and rising by peaceful means. On the other hand, by China’s rising, Chinese people can also safeguard world peace better, constructively intervene in global hot conflict areas and issues, and contribute more Chinese wisdom, strength and proposals to world peace and development.

Secondly, China will be the contributor to global development. First, China’s development is an opportunity for the world. For many years China has been played the role of the main engine of world economic growth. During the period of 2013-2018, its average contribution rate was over 28%. It is expected that China can still hold on to its position as the main contributor of world economic growth. A better growth of China is good for the world economic development in the long run. According to the report issued by McKinsey Global Institute, it is expected that China’s economic integration into the world is going to create $22 trillion to $37 trillion in economic value by 2040. Second, China’s all-round opening-up will create more opportunities for all countries to share the “China dividend”. China continues to pursue a mutually beneficial strategy of opening up. This will promote opening up to an even greater input and higher level. With the continuous improvement of business environment, China will become one of the major sources of capital for the world’s factories, global markets and other aspects of the world. Third, China’s development provides experience and reference for other developing countries. China has paved a new path of modernization, but China adheres to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and does not seek to export our model of development. China will share its development experience through deepening the exchange of governance experience with other countries.

Thirdly, China will be the upholder of international order. The changes in the international balance of powers have determined that it is inevitable for the old international order to be transformed and reconstructed. China should not only insist on defending the reasonable part, but also actively support and guide the reformation of the unreasonable part. On the whole, China will still be an anchor that helps stabilize the international order to reduce the impact of uncertainty and instability on the world in the process of its transformation. On the one hand, China adheres to multilateralism, firmly upholds the due authority of the United Nations and maintains the existing multilateral frameworks such as WTO, WHO, etc. On the other hand, China cooperates with the international community to promote the reform and improvement of the existing multilateral governance system, and to build and operate a new platform and mechanism for multilateral dialogue and cooperation in the fields of politics, economy, security, humanities and so on.

三、中國建設美好世界的愿景

中共十九屆五中全會(huì )強調，實(shí)現“十四五”規劃和2035年遠景目標，“要高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏(yíng)旗幟，積極營(yíng)造良好外部環(huán)境，推動(dòng)構建新型國際關(guān)系和人類(lèi)命運共同體?！睒嫿ㄈ祟?lèi)命運共同體，其核心內涵是“建設持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁榮、開(kāi)放包容、清潔美麗的世界”。未來(lái)一段時(shí)期，中國將在人類(lèi)命運共同體的思想指引下，建設更加美好的世界。

首先，中國主張建設“和而不同，和平共存”的世界。中國反復申明不同社會(huì )制度、不同意識形態(tài)、不同歷史文明、不同發(fā)展水平的國家，應當在國際活動(dòng)中目標一致、利益共生、權利共享、責任共擔。拓展全球伙伴關(guān)系是處理中國與世界關(guān)系的重要方向，中國努力構建總體穩定、均衡發(fā)展的大國關(guān)系框架，深化同周邊國家關(guān)系，穩定周邊、建設周邊，團結廣大發(fā)展中國家，深化中非命運共同體建設，擴大中拉、中阿等地區合作。

其次，中國主張建設自身發(fā)展與共同發(fā)展辯證統一的世界。百年大變局中，萬(wàn)變不離其宗。中國一是穩步提升經(jīng)濟與科技水平，不斷增強綜合國力，“堅持創(chuàng )新在現代化建設全局中的核心地位，把科技自立自強作為國家發(fā)展的戰略支撐”。二是全面實(shí)現國家治理體系和治理能力現代化，“基本建成法治國家、法治政府、法治社會(huì )”。在這兩方面工作的基礎上，中國堅持與各國加強互利合作，促進(jìn)交流互鑒，彌合發(fā)展鴻溝，走出一條公平、開(kāi)放、全面、創(chuàng )新的共同發(fā)展之路。

再次，中國主張建設自身貢獻與共同責任辯證統一的世界?！笆奈濉睍r(shí)期，隨著(zhù)國力進(jìn)一步增強，中國的國際貢獻也將進(jìn)一步增大。中國將繼續增加對國際組織和國際安全的投入和參與，提供更多全球性和地區性公共產(chǎn)品，特別是“一帶一路”建設將更加行穩致遠。 同時(shí)，中國倡導其他國家也遵守國際義務(wù)，承擔應有的國際責任，為國際社會(huì )的和平與發(fā)展作出貢獻。

最后，中國主張建設國際秩序更加公正合理的世界。中國提出總結歷史經(jīng)驗與教訓，加強協(xié)調，完善治理，推動(dòng)開(kāi)放、包容、普惠、平衡、共贏(yíng)的新型經(jīng)濟全球化。中國堅定維護以聯(lián)合國為核心的國際秩序，維護國際法和國際關(guān)系基本準則，同時(shí)也主張有序革新使之適應國際力量變化的新現實(shí)，推動(dòng)符合廣大發(fā)展中國家利益訴求的國際體系改革。中國秉持“共商共建共享”原則，積極推動(dòng)全球治理體系朝著(zhù)更加公正合理方向發(fā)展，推動(dòng)G20、金磚國家合作機制等為完善全球治理發(fā)揮更大作用。

總之，隨著(zhù)“十四五”規劃的全面展開(kāi)，不斷崛起的中國將進(jìn)一步“為人民謀幸福，為民族謀復興，為世界謀和平”，中國的發(fā)展與世界的發(fā)展也將更加“各美其美、美美與共”，“美好中國”與“美好世界”同樣會(huì )愈發(fā)相得益彰、相互成就。

III. China’s vision of building a better world

The fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee stressed that, in order to achieve the goals set in the 14th Five-Year Plan and the long-range objectives through the year 2035, “China will hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit, and strive to create a favorable external environment and promote the building of a new type of international relations and a community with a shared future for humanity.” The core connotation of building a community with a shared future for mankind is to “build an open, inclusive, clean and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security and common prosperity.” For the coming period, China will build a better world under the ideological guidance of a community of shared future for mankind.

First of all, China stands for building a world of “harmony with difference, peaceful coexistence”. China has repeatedly stated that countries with different social systems, different ideologies, different historical civilizations and different levels of development should have the same goals, interconnected interests, shared rights and responsibilities in international activities. Expanding global partnership is an important factor in coordinating China’s relations with the world. In this effort, China works to build a framework for major country relations featuring overall stability and balanced development, deepens relations with neighboring countries in accordance with the principle of stability and mutual benefit and strengthens solidarity and cooperation with other developing countries. In addition, China is committed to working with Africa for an even stronger China-Africa community with a shared future and pursuing more cooperation with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and other areas.

Secondly, China insists on building a world of dialectical unity between self-development and common development. Though we are witnessing the unprecedented changes in a century, the essence remains unchanged. On the one hand, China has steadily enhanced the development level of economy and science and technology, and continuously strengthened its national power, “adhering to the core position of innovation in the overall modernization drive, and taking self-reliance in science and technology as the strategic support for national development”. On the other hand, the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance will be basically achieved. “The rule of law for the country, the government, and society will be basically in place”. On the basis of these two aspects, China insists on strengthening mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries, promoting exchanges and learning from each other, bridging the development gap, and embarking on a fair, open, comprehensive and innovative road of common development.

Thirdly, China insists on building a world of dialectical unity of its own contribution and common responsibility. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, with the further enhancement of China’s national power, China’s international contribution will further increase. China will continue to increase its investment and participation in international organizations and international security, will provide more global and regional public goods, and will especially make steady progress in the Belt and Road construction. At the same time, China calls for other countries to abide by their international obligations, to take on their proper international responsibilities and contribute to the peace and development of the international community.

Finally, China stands for building a world with a more just and equitable international order. China proposes to summarize historical experience and lessons, strengthen coordination, improve governance, and help make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial for all. China firmly supports the UN-centered international order, follows international law and the basic norms of international relations. At the same time, China also stands for orderly innovation to adapt it to the new reality of changes in international forces, and promotes the reform of the international system in the interests and concerns of developing countries. China adheres to the principle of “extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits”, actively promotes the development of global governance system in a more just and equitable direction, and takes an active part in cooperation at G20, BRICS, etc. for playing a greater role in improving global governance.

In short, with the full implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan, a rising China will further “seek happiness for the people, seek rejuvenation for the nation and seek peace for the world”. The world will develop into “a world in which countries treasure their own distinct heritages, appreciate other cultures and promote shared prosperity”. And “a better China” and “a better world” will complement each other for a win-win future.