把中國制度優(yōu)勢更好轉化為國家治理效能

Better Transforming China’s Institutional Advantages into Effective National Governance 

—十九屆四中全會(huì )《決定》學(xué)習思考

(Elucidating the “Decision” adopted at the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee)

[編者按]十九屆四中全會(huì )是在新中國成立70周年之際，在“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標歷史交匯點(diǎn)上，召開(kāi)的一次具有開(kāi)創(chuàng )性、里程碑意義的重要會(huì )議，為我們繼續堅定不移地堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系樹(shù)立了信心，也為人類(lèi)探索建設更好社會(huì )制度貢獻了中國智慧和中國方案。為切實(shí)增強學(xué)習貫徹十九屆四中全會(huì )精神的政治自覺(jué)和思想自覺(jué)，努力掌握習近平總書(shū)記全會(huì )重要講話(huà)和全會(huì )《決定》的豐富內涵和核心要義，中國翻譯研究院特邀請中共中央黨?？茖W(xué)社會(huì )主義教研部副教授徐浩然進(jìn)行學(xué)習解讀，并納入中國翻譯研究院重點(diǎn)翻譯項目統籌工作機制進(jìn)行編譯，供業(yè)界及相關(guān)人士參考。

中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九屆中央委員會(huì )第四次全體會(huì )議（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)：十九屆四中全會(huì )）于2019年10月28日至31日在北京召開(kāi)。全會(huì )由中央政治局主持，中央委員會(huì )總書(shū)記習近平作了重要講話(huà)。會(huì )議審議通過(guò)了《中共中央關(guān)于堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義制度、推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現代化若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》?！稕Q定》反映了對國家制度和治理能力的系統性思考，是新時(shí)代堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義制度、推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現代化的綱領(lǐng)性文件。

中國特色社會(huì )主義制度是黨和人民在長(cháng)期實(shí)踐探索中形成的科學(xué)制度體系，中國國家治理一切工作和活動(dòng)都依照中國特色社會(huì )主義制度展開(kāi)，中國國家治理體系和治理能力是中國特色社會(huì )主義制度及其執行能力的集中體現。

The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee was held in Beijing from October 28 to 31, 2019. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, made an important speech at the session, which was presided over by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. The session reviewed and adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Upholding and Improving the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of China’s National Governance System and Capacity.” Reflecting a systematic thinking on the national governance system and capacity, the decision is a programmatic document for upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China’s national governance system and capacity in the new era. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a scientific system developed by the CPC and the Chinese people through prolonged practices and explorations. All the work and activities of China’s national governance are carried out in accordance with the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and China’s national governance system and capacity are the embodiment of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and its enforcement capability.

堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義制度、推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現代化的總體目標是：到中國共產(chǎn)黨成立一百年時(shí)，在各方面制度更加成熟更加定型上取得明顯成效；到二〇三五年，各方面制度更加完善，基本實(shí)現國家治理體系和治理能力現代化；到新中國成立一百年時(shí)，全面實(shí)現國家治理體系和治理能力現代化，使中國特色社會(huì )主義制度更加鞏固、優(yōu)越性充分展現。

The overall objectives of upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China’s national governance system and capacity are: Accomplishing remarkable achievements in making institutions in all fields more mature and more well-established by CPC’s centenary mark; Better refining institutions in all fields and achieving the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance by 2035; and fully realizing the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance, further consolidating the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, while substantially demonstrating its advantages by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China.

中國共產(chǎn)黨自成立以來(lái)，團結帶領(lǐng)人民，堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同中國具體實(shí)際相結合，贏(yíng)得了中國革命勝利，并深刻總結國內外正反兩方面經(jīng)驗，不斷探索實(shí)踐、改革創(chuàng )新，建立和完善社會(huì )主義制度，形成和發(fā)展黨的領(lǐng)導和經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會(huì )、生態(tài)文明、軍事、外事等各方面制度，加強和完善國家治理，取得歷史性成就。這充分說(shuō)明中國國家制度和國家治理體系具有多方面的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢，主要體現在：

Since its establishment, the CPC has united and led the Chinese people, insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s practical realities, and achieved victory in the Chinese revolution. It also thoroughly took in both positive and negative lessons of governance from China’s and the world’s histories, and kept exploring new practices, reforming, and innovating. By establishing and improving the socialist system, the CPC has formed and developed institutions in all fields, including the Party’s leadership, the economy, political affairs, culture, social development, ecological civilization, national defense, and foreign affairs. In terms of strengthening and improving China’s national governance, the CPC has made historic achievements that fully demonstrate notable strengths of China’s state and governance systems in many aspects, as clearly shown in the following ways:

堅持黨的集中統一領(lǐng)導，堅持黨的科學(xué)理論，保持政治穩定，確保國家始終沿著(zhù)社會(huì )主義方向前進(jìn)的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持人民當家作主，發(fā)展人民民主，密切聯(lián)系群眾，緊緊依靠人民推動(dòng)國家發(fā)展的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持全面依法治國，建設社會(huì )主義法治國家，切實(shí)保障社會(huì )公平正義和人民權利的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持全國一盤(pán)棋，調動(dòng)各方面積極性，集中力量辦大事的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持各民族一律平等，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，實(shí)現共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟共同發(fā)展和按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，把社會(huì )主義制度和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟有機結合起來(lái)，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì )生產(chǎn)力的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持共同的理想信念、價(jià)值理念、道德觀(guān)念，弘揚中華優(yōu)秀傳統文化、革命文化、社會(huì )主義先進(jìn)文化，促進(jìn)全體人民在思想上精神上緊緊團結在一起的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷保障和改善民生、增進(jìn)人民福祉，走共同富裕道路的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持改革創(chuàng )新、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，善于自我完善、自我發(fā)展，使社會(huì )充滿(mǎn)生機活力的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持德才兼備、選賢任能，聚天下英才而用之，培養造就更多更優(yōu)秀人才的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持黨指揮槍?zhuān)_保人民軍隊絕對忠誠于黨和人民，有力保障國家主權、安全、發(fā)展利益的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持“一國兩制”，保持香港、澳門(mén)長(cháng)期繁榮穩定，促進(jìn)祖國和平統一的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢；堅持獨立自主和對外開(kāi)放相統一，積極參與全球治理，為構建人類(lèi)命運共同體不斷作出貢獻的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢。

Upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC, following the CPC’s scientific theories, maintaining political stability, and ensuring that the country keeps advancing in the direction of socialism; Ensuring that the people run the country, promoting democracy, maintaining close ties with the people, and relying on them to push forward the country’s development; Ensuring law-based governance in all ways, building a country of socialist rule of law, and guaranteeing social fairness and justice as well as people’s rights; Ensuring that the whole country works together, and stimulating enthusiasm in all aspects of the society to mobilize resources for major undertakings; Upholding equality between all ethnic groups, creating a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation to work together to achieve common prosperity and development; Upholding the dominant role of the public sector and common development of economic entities under diverse forms of ownership, safeguarding a distribution system whereby distribution according to labor is dominant and a variety of other modes of distribution exist alongside it, fostering synergy between the socialist system and the market economy, and continuously unlocking and developing productive forces; Upholding common ideals and convictions, values, and moral standards, promoting China’s fine traditional culture, revolutionary culture, as well as advanced socialist culture, and inspiring the people to embrace shared ideologies and mindsets; Adhering to the vision of making development centered around the people, and continuously guaranteeing and improving the people’s livelihood and improving their wellbeing to achieve common prosperity for everyone; Continuing reform and innovation, moving with the times, and promoting self-improvement and development to build a society full of vitality; Selecting officials based on integrity, ability, and merit regardless of background in order to cultivate more talented individuals; Keeping the armed forces under the Party’s command and ensuring that the people’s armed forces are completely loyal to the Party and the people so as to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests; Upholding the principle of “one country, two systems,” maintaining lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao, and promoting the peaceful reunification of China; Adhering to the unity between being independent and self-reliant and opening up to the rest of the world, taking an active role in global governance, and continuing to contribute toward the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

十九屆四中全會(huì )將中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢概括為“十三個(gè)堅持”，這是堅定中國特色社會(huì )主義道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信的基本依據，是強化中國國家制度和治理體系的執行能力，是把中國制度優(yōu)勢更好轉化為國家治理效能，從而實(shí)現“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標、實(shí)現中華民族偉大復興中國夢(mèng)的有力保證。中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系的強大生命力和巨大優(yōu)越性主要表現為五個(gè)基本特性。

The fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee summed up the notable strengths of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance system as “adhering to 13 principles,” which is the fundamental basis for fostering stronger confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is the enforcement capability of strengthening China’s state and governance systems, as well as a strong guarantee for better transforming China’s institutional advantages into the nation’s government effectiveness, achieving the national strategic goal of the “two centenaries,” and realizing the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation. The strong vitality and great superiority of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the national governance system are mainly manifested in the five basic characteristics listed below.

一是堅定的戰略導向性。實(shí)現現代化、實(shí)現共產(chǎn)主義遠大理想是一代又一代中國共產(chǎn)黨人接續奮斗的目標。為了實(shí)現這一目標，中國特色社會(huì )主義制度在發(fā)展完善過(guò)程中，始終堅持黨的集中統一領(lǐng)導，堅持黨的科學(xué)理論，保持政治穩定，確保國家始終沿著(zhù)社會(huì )主義方向前進(jìn)。中國特色社會(huì )主義最本質(zhì)的特征是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導，中國特色社會(huì )主義制度的最大優(yōu)勢是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導。中國特色現代國家治理體系是由經(jīng)濟、政治、社會(huì )等各領(lǐng)域子系統構成的復雜大系統，這一體系運轉的軸心就是中國共產(chǎn)黨。中國特色社會(huì )主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，完成偉大事業(yè)必須靠黨的領(lǐng)導。中國共產(chǎn)黨能不能打仗，新中國的成立已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了；中國共產(chǎn)黨人能不能搞建設搞發(fā)展，改革開(kāi)放的推進(jìn)也已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了；中國共產(chǎn)黨人能不能在日益復雜的國際國內環(huán)境下堅持住黨的領(lǐng)導、堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會(huì )主義，還需要一代又一代共產(chǎn)黨人繼續作出回答。

I. Unwavering strategic direction. Achieving modernization and the high ideal of communism is the ultimate goal of the Chinese communists, generation after generation. In order to reach this target, the Chinese people have been persistently upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC in developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Throughout this process, they have followed the CPC’s scientific theories, maintained political stability, and ensured that the country keeps advancing in the direction of socialism. The defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC, and the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC. The modern national governance with Chinese characteristics is a complex system, composed of economic, political, societal, and other sub-systems, with the CPC as its axis. As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, it must depend on the leadership of the CPC for advancing and completing the great cause. The founding of New China made it clear that the CPC can win a war, and its successful reform and opening up proved that the Chinese communists can carry out economic construction and social development. Now, facing increasingly complicated international and domestic environments, the next generations of Chinese communists must show whether they can uphold the Party’s leadership, while adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

二是系統的領(lǐng)域層次性。作為科學(xué)制度體系，中國特色社會(huì )主義制度涵蓋經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會(huì )、生態(tài)、軍事和外事等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，層次清楚、特色鮮明。在經(jīng)濟方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟共同發(fā)展和按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存，把社會(huì )主義制度和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟有機結合起來(lái)，不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì )生產(chǎn)力。在政治方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持人民當家作主，發(fā)展人民民主，密切聯(lián)系群眾，緊緊依靠人民推動(dòng)國家發(fā)展；堅持全面依法治國，建設社會(huì )主義法治國家，切實(shí)保障社會(huì )公平正義和人民權利；堅持各民族一律平等，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，實(shí)現共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展；堅持“一國兩制”，保持香港、澳門(mén)長(cháng)期繁榮穩定，促進(jìn)祖國和平統一。在文化方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持共同的理想信念、價(jià)值理念、道德觀(guān)念，弘揚中華優(yōu)秀傳統文化、革命文化、社會(huì )主義先進(jìn)文化，促進(jìn)全體人民在思想上精神上緊緊團結在一起。在社會(huì )方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷保障和改善民生、增進(jìn)人民福祉，走共同富裕道路。在外事和軍事方面，中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持獨立自主和對外開(kāi)放相統一，積極參與全球治理，為構建人類(lèi)命運共同體不斷作出貢獻；確保人民軍隊忠誠于黨和人民，有力保障國家主權、安全、發(fā)展利益。面對復雜多變的治國理政新形勢，中國特色社會(huì )主義科學(xué)制度體系還通過(guò)實(shí)行最嚴格的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護制度，全面建立資源高效利用制度，健全生態(tài)保護和修復制度以及嚴明生態(tài)環(huán)境保護責任制度等，不斷提升系統完備性、拓展系統的領(lǐng)域層次。

II. Completeness and extensiveness. As a scientific system, socialism with Chinese characteristics covers many fields, including the economy, politics, culture, society, ecology, military, and foreign affairs. On the economic front, China’s state and governance systems uphold the dominant role of the public sector and common development of economic entities under diverse forms of ownership, safeguard a distribution system whereby distribution according to labor is dominant and a variety of other modes of distribution exist alongside it, foster synergy between the socialist system and the market economy, and continuously unlock and develop productive forces. In the political aspect, China’s state and governance systems adhere to the principle that the people run the country, promote democracy, maintain close ties with the people, and closely rely on them to power the country’s development; the systems ensure law-based governance in all fields, persist in building a country of socialist rule of law, and guarantee social fairness and justice and the people’s rights; they uphold equality between all ethnic groups, persist in forging a solid sense of community for the Chinese nation to work jointly for common prosperity and development; the systems also uphold the principle of “one country, two systems,” persist in maintaining lasting prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao, and promote the peaceful reunification of China. In terms of culture, China’s state and governance systems uphold common ideals and convictions, values, and moral standards, persist in promoting China’s fine traditional culture, revolutionary culture, as well as advanced socialist culture, and inspire the people to embrace shared ideologies and mindsets. On the social front, China’s state and governance systems adhere to the vision of making development centered around its people, and persist in continuously guaranteeing and improving people’s livelihoods and their wellbeing to achieve common prosperity for everyone. In terms of foreign and military affairs, China’s state and governance systems adhere to the unity between being independent and self-reliant and opening up to the rest of the world, persist in taking an active role in global governance, and continuously contribute toward the building of a community with a shared future for mankind; the systems also ensure that the people’s armed forces are completely loyal to the Party and the people so as to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests. Facing the complex and fast-changing new situation of governing the country, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has also enabled efficient utilization of resources in an all-round way, improved ecological protection and restoration, and enforced a system of accountability for ecological and environmental protection by implementing the strictest mechanisms, while constantly enhancing the system’s completeness and expanding its extensiveness and coverage.

三是整體的交互協(xié)同性。中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系，結合經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會(huì )等各領(lǐng)域工作，實(shí)際構建起一整套相互銜接的根本制度、基本制度和重要制度，制度體系內各個(gè)部分不是彼此孤立的，而是交互連通的，具有高度的協(xié)同性。正如鄧小平指出：“社會(huì )主義同資本主義相比較，它的優(yōu)越性就在于能夠做到全國一盤(pán)棋，集中力量，保證重點(diǎn)?！敝袊厣鐣?huì )主義制度和國家治理體系能夠集中力量辦大事的優(yōu)勢不斷凸顯，首先是因為中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導核心作用，這使得做決定有了一個(gè)權威，避免分散主義。習近平指出：“黨的歷史、新中國的發(fā)展歷史表明，要治理好我們這個(gè)大黨、治理好我們這個(gè)大國，保證黨的團結和集中統一至關(guān)重要，維護好黨中央權威至關(guān)重要。黨中央有權威，黨就有力量。如果黨中央沒(méi)有權威，黨的理論和路線(xiàn)方針政策可以隨意不執行，黨就會(huì )變成一盤(pán)散沙，就會(huì )成為自行其是的’私人俱樂(lè )部’，黨的領(lǐng)導就會(huì )成為一句空話(huà)?！逼浯?，在完善國家制度和國家治理體系的過(guò)程中，中國共產(chǎn)黨始終堅持民主集中制，將黨的集中統一領(lǐng)導與人民的積極性、主動(dòng)性結合起來(lái)。在充分發(fā)揚民主的基礎上進(jìn)行集中，匯聚全黨智慧、體現全黨意志，是中國共產(chǎn)黨的一大創(chuàng )舉。這樣做，既有利于做到科學(xué)決策、民主決策、依法決策，避免發(fā)生重大失誤甚至顛覆性錯誤；又有利于克服分散主義、本位主義，避免議而不決、決而不行，形成推進(jìn)黨和國家事業(yè)發(fā)展的強大合力。

III. Comprehensive interconnectivity and synergy. By combining all fields of work including the economy, political affairs, culture, social development, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance system have established a set of fundamental, basic, and important systems that are each connected with all the others. The various parts of the system are not isolated from one another but all interconnected with a high degree of synergy. As Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “Compared with capitalism, the advantage of socialism lies in the fact that the whole country can work together to concentrate strength on priority tasks,” and the advantage of mobilizing resources for major undertakings has become more prominent. First of all, it is because of the core leadership role played by the CPC, which can ensure decision-making authority and avoid decentralism. As Xi Jinping pointed out, “The history of the CPC and the history of the development of the New China have shown that it is of extreme importance to ensure the unification and centralization of the Party and to safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee in order to govern the Party and the nation. When the CPC Central Committee has authority, the Party has power. When the CPC Central Committee does not have authority, or when the Party’s theories, paths, principles, and policies are not implemented resolutely, the Party will become a pile of scattered sand and a ‘private club’ that acts in the teeth of all advice, and the leadership of the Party would become empty talk.” Secondly, in the process of improving China’s state and governance systems, the CPC has persevered in democratic centralism and combined the Party’s centralized and unified leadership with the enthusiasm and initiative of the people. It is one of the many pioneering undertakings for the CPC to centralize on the basis of fully promoting democracy, to pull together all the wisdom and embody the will of the whole Party. In doing so, it is not only conducive to scientific, democratic, and law-based decision-making while avoiding major or even subversive mistakes, it is also conducive to overcoming decentralism and departmentalism, averting discussion without decision and decision without action, forming a powerful joint force for the development cause of the Party and the state.

四是發(fā)展的自變適應性。堅持改革創(chuàng )新、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，善于自我完善、自我發(fā)展，使社會(huì )充滿(mǎn)生機活力是中國國家制度和國家治理體系的顯著(zhù)優(yōu)勢。中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系的形成并不是一蹴而就的，而是根據內外部環(huán)境變化、不斷發(fā)展完善自身的過(guò)程。在這一過(guò)程中，由于有實(shí)事求是的思想路線(xiàn)作為正確引導，有民主集中制作為體制保證，中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系成功實(shí)現了內外部物質(zhì)與信息的交流互動(dòng)，實(shí)現了自身的新陳代謝，革除了舊的、不適應環(huán)境變化的體制機制，建立起新的體制機制，使中國國家制度和國家治理體系更加具有活力，充滿(mǎn)動(dòng)力，同時(shí)也使馬克思主義理論不斷豐富發(fā)展。中國特色社會(huì )主義事業(yè)作為前無(wú)古人的開(kāi)創(chuàng )性事業(yè)，前進(jìn)道路不可能一帆風(fēng)順。事業(yè)越發(fā)展、改革越深入，新情況新問(wèn)題就會(huì )越多，面臨的風(fēng)險和挑戰就會(huì )越多，面對的不可預料的事情就會(huì )越多。因此，必須堅持馬克思主義的發(fā)展觀(guān)點(diǎn)，發(fā)揮歷史的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng )造性，銳意進(jìn)取、大膽探索，不斷有所發(fā)現、有所創(chuàng )造、有所前進(jìn)。推進(jìn)全面深化改革，既要保持中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系的穩定性和延續性，又要抓緊制定完善國家治理體系和治理能力現代化急需的制度、滿(mǎn)足人民對美好生活新期待的制度，推動(dòng)中國特色社會(huì )主義制度不斷自我完善和發(fā)展、永葆生機活力。

IV. Adaptability in the process of development. Persisting in reform and innovation, keeping pace with the times, being good at self-improvement and self-development, and making the society full of vitality are the remarkable advantages of China’s state and governance systems. The formation of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance system is not achieved overnight, but through a process of continuous development and improvement in line with the changes of the internal and external environment. In this process, with seeking truth from facts as the ideological guidance and democratic centralism as the institutional guarantee, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance system have successfully achieved the exchange and interaction of internal and external resources and information, made necessary adaptations by eliminating outdated institutional mechanisms that do not respond to changing circumstances and establishing new institutional mechanisms. This adaptability not only makes China’s state and governance systems more dynamic and vitalized, but also enriches and develops the theory of Marxism. Blazing the trail in the cause of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics would not be a smooth undertaking. With more development and deeper reform, more unknown situations and problems will arise, along with more risks, challenges, and unforeseeable predicaments. Therefore, the CPC must adhere to the Marxist viewpoint of development, give full play to the initiative and creativity of history, forge ahead, explore boldly, and constantly make discoveries, innovations, and advances. To deepen reform in an all-around way, the Party should not only maintain stability and continuity of the systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance, it also needs to speed up the process of formulating and improving institutions that are urgently needed for the modernization of the nation’s governance system and capacity, and meet the people’s new expectations for better lives. By doing so, it will promote the continuous self-perfection and development of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and always maintain its vigor and vitality.

五是廣泛的開(kāi)放包容性。制度的實(shí)質(zhì)，即在于塑造人類(lèi)社會(huì )關(guān)系的、穩定的秩序結構，促進(jìn)人口以及各資源要素在不同層次之間的流動(dòng)。中國國家制度和國家治理體系堅持德才兼備、選賢任能，聚天下英才而用之，培養造就更多更優(yōu)秀人才；堅持獨立自主和對外開(kāi)放相統一，積極參與全球治理，為構建人類(lèi)命運共同體不斷作出貢獻。今天，經(jīng)濟全球化大潮滾滾向前，新科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革深入發(fā)展，全球治理體系深刻重塑，國際格局加速演變，和平發(fā)展大勢不可逆轉。人類(lèi)交往的世界性比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都更深入、更廣泛，各國相互聯(lián)系和彼此依存比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都更頻繁、更緊密，和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏(yíng)已成為時(shí)代潮流。馬克思、恩格斯指出：“各民族的原始封閉狀態(tài)由于日益完善的生產(chǎn)方式、交往以及因交往而自然形成的不同民族之間的分工消滅得越是徹底，歷史也就越是成為世界歷史?！睔v史和現實(shí)日益證明這個(gè)預言的科學(xué)價(jià)值。中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系是馬克思主義和中國改革開(kāi)放相結合的產(chǎn)物，在其發(fā)展完善的過(guò)程中，開(kāi)放包容性始終是其顯著(zhù)特性。中共十八大以來(lái)，中國人民始終不渝走和平發(fā)展道路，推進(jìn)“一帶一路”國際合作，推動(dòng)建設相互尊重、公平正義、合作共贏(yíng)的新型國際關(guān)系，積極參與引領(lǐng)全球治理體系改革和建設。中國特色社會(huì )主義制度的開(kāi)放包容性使其在形成并不斷發(fā)展完善的過(guò)程中能夠充分吸收、借鑒人類(lèi)文明和中國古代文明的發(fā)展成果，吸取、反思國外推進(jìn)治理現代化和國際共產(chǎn)主義運動(dòng)的經(jīng)驗教訓。因此，中國特色社會(huì )主義制度和國家治理體系的形成發(fā)展過(guò)程并非是在因循守舊下安之若素，而是在承納衍化中推陳出新。

V. Broad openness and inclusiveness. Institutions essentially exist to shape a stable order and structure for human social relations, and facilitate the movement of people, resources and other elements in society across its various strata. China’s state and governance systems stress appointing officials based on both moral integrity and professional ability, and on the basis of merit regardless of background, to cultivate more talented individuals. Adhering to the unity of being independent and opening up to the outside world, the CPC has actively participated in global governance and continuously contributed to the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. Today, against the backdrop of economic globalization, a new round of technological and industrial revolution is unfolding, the system of global governance is being profoundly reshaped, and the international landscape is evolving at a faster pace. However, peace and development remain the irreversible trend of our times. Human exchanges are more profound and extensive than ever before, while countries are more frequently and closely connected and interdependent than at any time in the past. Peace, development, cooperation and win-win situation have become the trend of the times. Marx and Engels pointed out that the more the original isolation of the separate nationalities is destroyed by the developed mode of production and intercourse and the division of labor between various nations naturally brought forth by these, the more history becomes world history. History and current reality have attested to the scientific value of this inference. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance system are the product of the combination of Marxism and China’s reform and opening up. The open and inclusive nature has remained their prominent feature over the course of development and improvement. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Chinese people have unwaveringly followed the path of peace and development, promoted international cooperation along the Belt and Road, created a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. The Chinese people and the CPC have also actively participated in leading the reform and construction of the global governance system. Due to its open and inclusive nature, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics can absorb and draw on the development achievements of human civilization and ancient Chinese civilization, it can also learn from the lessons of foreign countries during their process of promoting the modernization of governance as well as from the international communist movement. Therefore, the formation and development of the systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics and China’s national governance do not stay unchanged. They constantly keep evolving.

堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義制度、推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現代化，是中國共產(chǎn)黨的一項重大戰略任務(wù)。十九屆四中全會(huì )鮮明提出“十三個(gè)堅持和完善”，為順利實(shí)現這一任務(wù)提供了科學(xué)指南。具體包括：堅持和完善黨的領(lǐng)導制度體系，提高黨科學(xué)執政、民主執政、依法執政水平；堅持和完善人民當家作主制度體系，發(fā)展社會(huì )主義民主政治；堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義法治體系，提高黨依法治國、依法執政能力；堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義行政體制，構建職責明確、依法行政的政府治理體系；堅持和完善社會(huì )主義基本經(jīng)濟制度，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟高質(zhì)量發(fā)展；堅持和完善繁榮發(fā)展社會(huì )主義先進(jìn)文化的制度，鞏固全體人民團結奮斗的共同思想基礎；堅持和完善統籌城鄉的民生保障制度，滿(mǎn)足人民日益增長(cháng)的美好生活需要；堅持和完善共建共治共享的社會(huì )治理制度，保持社會(huì )穩定、維護國家安全；堅持和完善生態(tài)文明制度體系，促進(jìn)人與自然和諧共生；堅持和完善黨對人民軍隊的絕對領(lǐng)導制度，確保人民軍隊忠實(shí)履行新時(shí)代使命任務(wù)；堅持和完善“一國兩制”制度體系，推進(jìn)祖國和平統一；堅持和完善獨立自主的和平外交政策，推動(dòng)構建人類(lèi)命運共同體；堅持和完善黨和國家監督體系，強化對權力運行的制約和監督。

Upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics while advancing the modernization of China's system and capacity for governance is an important strategic task for the CPC. Ergo, the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee has explicitly put forward “upholding and improving in 13 aspects” in order to provide scientific guidance for reaching the target. The 13 aspects include: 1. Upholding and improving the system of institutions for Party leadership and improving the Party's capacity to practice scientific, democratic, and law-based governance; 2. Upholding and improving the system of institutions, through which the people run the country, and developing socialist democracy; 3. Upholding and improving the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and improving the Party's capacity for law-based governance and law-based exercising of state power; 4. Upholding and improving the government administration system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and building a law-based government administration with well-defined functions and duties; 5. Upholding and improving China's basic socialist economic system and promoting the high-quality development of the economy; 6. Upholding and improving the system to make advanced socialist culture prosperous and developed in order to consolidate the common ideological foundation upon which all people are united and working together; 7. Upholding and improving the livelihood system for protecting both urban and rural residents and working to meet people's ever-increasing needs for a better life; 8. Upholding and improving the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and common interests, as well as maintaining social stability and defending national security; 9. Upholding and improving the system for developing an ecological civilization, and promoting the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature; 10. Upholding and improving the Party's absolute leadership over the armed forces and ensuring that they will faithfully fulfill their missions in the new era; 11. Upholding and improving the system of “one country, two systems” and advancing the process toward the peaceful reunification of China; 12. Upholding and improving the independent foreign policy of peace, and working to build a community with a shared future for humanity; 13. Upholding and improving the Party and state oversight systems, and strengthening control and oversight over the exercise of power.

加強中國共產(chǎn)黨對堅持和完善中國特色社會(huì )主義制度、推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現代化的領(lǐng)導，是中國國家制度和治理體系得以鞏固和不斷完善發(fā)展的強有力政治保障。只有在黨中央統一領(lǐng)導下科學(xué)謀劃、精心組織，遠近結合、整體推進(jìn)，十九屆四中全會(huì )所確定的各項目標任務(wù)才能全面落實(shí)到位。各級黨委和政府以及各級領(lǐng)導干部需要切實(shí)強化制度意識，帶頭維護制度權威，做制度執行的表率，帶動(dòng)全黨全社會(huì )自覺(jué)尊崇制度、嚴格執行制度、堅決維護制度。加強制度理論研究和宣傳教育，引導全黨全社會(huì )充分認識中國特色社會(huì )主義制度的本質(zhì)特征和優(yōu)越性，堅定制度自信。推動(dòng)廣大干部嚴格按照制度履行職責、行使權力、開(kāi)展工作，提高推進(jìn)“五位一體”總體布局和“四個(gè)全面”戰略布局等各項工作能力和水平。

In the process of upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China's system and capacity for governance, strengthening the leadership of the CPC is a strong political guarantee for the consolidation and continuous improvement and development of China's state and governance systems. Only by scientific planning, meticulous organization, the combination of long-term and short-term policies, and pushing ahead on all fronts under the unified leadership of the CPC central committee, can all the goals and tasks set by the fourth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee be fully implemented and accomplished. Party committees, governments, and leading officials at all levels should conscientiously strengthen their awareness of the system, take the lead in safeguarding the authority of the system, set an example in implementing the system for the whole Party and the society, and lead the whole Party and the society to consciously submit to institutions, strictly enforce the rules of institutions, and resolutely safeguard institutions. The Party should strengthen theoretical research and education of the institutions, guide the whole Party and the society to fully understand the intrinsic properties and advantages of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and remain highly confident in the institutions. The CPC should push all Party members to strictly act in line with institutions to fulfill duties, exercise power, and conduct work, and endeavor relentlessly to enhance the capacities and standards of the implementation of the “Five-pronged Overall Plan” and the “Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy”.